Choosing the best 3D printer for print farm work means looking past the spec sheet. A 3D print farm needs a printer it can buy many of and run unattended for weeks. Every machine should print the same part the same way, and a small team should be able to keep them all running. This guide ranks the printers on sale today for exactly that, from what our printer catalog knows right now. It weighs proven compatibility with SimplyPrint, how many already run in real fleets, price per machine in your region, automation kits, and how much each one depends on its maker's cloud.

Our picks: the best 3D printer for print farms in 2026

The best printer for a farm overall, then the best for each budget and for printing around the clock. Every reason under a printer is read from its data and our assessment of it for farms, and the score is out of 100. Only printers verified or confirmed to work with SimplyPrint are in the running: a farm can't wait for "expected to work".

Informativa di affiliazione: alcuni link in questa pagina sono link di affiliazione. Potremmo ricevere una commissione per gli acquisti, senza costi aggiuntivi. In qualità di Associati Amazon, guadagniamo dagli acquisti idonei.

Bambu Lab P2S
Il migliore in assoluto per print farmIdeale per stampare senza sosta

Bambu Lab P2S

Di Bambu Lab, Cina
Verificato da SimplyPrint Punteggio 76 su 100 · 256 x 256 x 256 mm

The P2S is Bambu Lab's enclosed CoreXY printer and the successor to the P1S, with a 5-inch touchscreen, a quick-swap nozzle, AI failure detection and a 256 mm build cube. It is for anyone who wants an easy, fast printer that handles ABS and ASA as well as PLA and PETG.

  • The successor to the P1S that Bambu says is the backbone of print farms, verified with SimplyPrint, with FarmLoop available for unattended runs.
  • Una fotocamera integrata, per monitorare le stampe ovunque
  • Kit AutoPrint compatibili (FarmLoop), per avviare automaticamente la stampa successiva
  • Completamente chiusa, quindi ABS e ASA si stampano bene
  • Lanciato il 14 ottobre 2025
  • By default it runs through Bambu Lab's own software and cloud, which some organisations' compliance rules don't allow; with SimplyPrint it can run without them and use SimplyPrint's European cloud, in Bambu Lab's LAN-only mode (with Developer Mode on current firmware, which Bambu Lab doesn't support).
  • Multi-colour prints produce a lot of purge waste (TechRadar, Tom's Hardware, Wired).
  • Bambu Lab è valutato "Per lo più chiusa" nella nostra scala di apertura: vedere le note sul brand di seguito
  • Bambu Lab ha avuto difficoltà negli ultimi tre anni: sotto sono riportate le note sul marchio
Acquistare da Bambu Lab Store
Acquistare da TECBEARS
Specifiche, recensioni e configurazione La combinazione Bambu Lab P2S Combo
Prusa CORE One
Scelta più aperta

Prusa CORE One

Di Prusa, Repubblica Ceca UE
Compatibile Punteggio 65 su 100 · 250 x 220 x 270 mm
  • Kit AutoPrint compatibili (FarmLoop), per avviare automaticamente la stampa successiva
  • Completamente chiusa, quindi ABS e ASA si stampano bene
  • Lanciato il gennaio 2025
  • Recensito da Tom's Hardware, TechRadar, CNC Kitchen
  • Stampa bene PETG, TPU e flessibili, ABS & ASA, Nylon (PA), Polycarbonate (PC), oltre al PLA
Acquistare da Prusa3D Store
Specifiche, recensioni e configurazione

Print farm printers, ranked

The top ten for farms. Open a printer for its specs, reviews and setup guide, or compare the top four on our printer comparison.

# Stampante Punteggio Da Con SimplyPrint Camera chiusa Multicolore Apertura del marchio
1 Bambu Lab P2S
256 x 256 x 256 mm		 76 - Verificato da SimplyPrint Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più chiusa
2 Bambu Lab H2C
330 x 320 x 325 mm		 72 - Verificato da SimplyPrint Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più chiusa
3 Bambu Lab H2S
340 x 320 x 340 mm		 70 - Verificato da SimplyPrint Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più chiusa
4 Bambu Lab X2D
256 x 256 x 260 mm		 70 - Verificato da SimplyPrint Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più chiusa
5 Prusa CORE One
250 x 220 x 270 mm		 65 - Compatibile Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Aperto
6 ELEGOO Centauri Carbon
256 x 256 x 256 mm		 65 - Compatibile Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più aperta
7 QIDI Q2
270 x 270 x 256 mm		 65 - Compatibile Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più aperta
8 Snapmaker U1
270 x 270 x 270 mm		 64 - Compatibile Con chiusura parziale Incluso Per lo più aperta
9 Bambu Lab H2D
325 x 320 x 325 mm		 63 - Verificato da SimplyPrint Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più chiusa
10 Creality K2 Plus
350 x 350 x 350 mm		 62 - Compatibile Completamente chiusa Componente aggiuntivo Per lo più aperta

QIDI ci invia gratuitamente alcune delle sue nuove stampanti.

I prezzi sono i più bassi trovati nei negozi della regione selezionata nelle ultime due settimane e cambiano spesso. Confrontare le quattro migliori affiancate

What a print farm needs from a printer

Uptime, not top speed

A printer that runs at half its top speed and never fails makes more parts than a fast one. The fast one needs a person after every few jobs. Look for printers many other farms run (their failure modes are known and fixed), automatic calibration, and a hardened or easily swapped nozzle.

One model, many times

Identical machines share spare parts, slicer profiles and know-how. Before you buy twenty, check that the maker sells every wear part in your country, and keep a shelf of nozzles, build plates and belts. Our maintenance checklist lists what to keep in stock.

One queue for every printer

With many printers, the hard part is deciding what prints where. SimplyPrint puts every job in one print queue and sends it to the next free printer that can print it, staggers the start so a room of heated beds doesn't trip a fuse, and AI failure detection stops a print that goes wrong. See how it fits together on our print farm page.

The maker's cloud is part of your farm

If every printer needs its maker's cloud to start a job, an outage or a policy change stops the whole farm at once. It happens: in January 2025 Bambu Lab announced firmware that requires its own authorization to start a print, and later added an optional local Developer Mode. Prefer printers you can run on your own network, keep firmware updates under your control, and know what you would do if the maker changed the rules. Our brand ratings below show how much each one depends on its own cloud.

Automate from day one

The plate is the bottleneck of every farm: a finished print waits until someone clears it, so the printers stand still at night and at weekends. Choose a printer you can automate, and that wait goes away. AutoPrint starts the next job by itself, in one of three ways:

  • A plate-swapping kit loads a fresh build plate and stacks the finished one. For the P2S there is FarmLoop. For the A1 Mini there are SwapMod, FarmLoop, 3D Printomat Pro and the Chitu PlateCycler.
  • A part-ejecting kit pushes the part off the plate, then the next job starts.
  • Pushing the part off with the print head, where the printer and the part allow it, with no kit at all.

Our picks above name the kits made for each printer, and the "printing around the clock" pick weighs them. Start with one automated printer and your real best sellers: you'll learn which parts eject cleanly before you convert the farm. Kits are third-party add-ons: check what fitting one does to the printer's warranty, keep smoke detection in any room that prints unattended, and know that we earn a commission on some of them. More in continuous 3D printing for print farms.

Before you buy twenty: a checklist

  • Run one for a month first. Print your real best sellers, count the failures, and time how long a plate takes to clear.
  • Price the whole fleet, not one printer. Twenty printers, spare nozzles and plates for each, shelving, power and network.
  • Check the wear parts. Nozzles, build plates, belts and hotends: are they sold in your country, and how fast do they arrive?
  • Check what runs locally. Can you start, stop and monitor a job with the maker's cloud down?
  • Plan the clearing. Who clears plates at night, or which AutoPrint kit does it?
  • Plan the power. A room of heated beds warming up at once draws a lot; stagger the starts.

Open or walled garden: the brands behind the picks

Some printer makers work like Apple: their printer, slicer, cloud and spare parts work together, on their terms. Others work like Android: open firmware, any slicer, any filament, parts you can buy or print. A farm lives with that choice for years and dozens of machines. We rate each brand in six areas from public sources, with a dated record of recalls, layoffs and policy changes.

Prusa

Apertura: Aperto (4.9 su 5)
Sistema chiusoAperto

Prusa Research is a Prague company founded in 2012 by Josef Průša, who came from the open-source RepRap project. It designs and builds the Original Prusa and Prusa CORE printers, makes Prusament filament, develops the PrusaSlicer slicer and runs the Printables model site. Printers are built in Prague and at its US site in Delaware, sold assembled or as kits, and used by hobbyists, schools, businesses and print farms.

Fondata: 2012 · Sede centrale: Prague, Czech Republic · Proprietà: Prusa Research a.s., founded and led by Josef Průša · Persone: More than 1,200 people (company site, 2026) · Sito web: www.prusa3d.com

Prusa is the most open of the large brands: GPL firmware, an open slicer, full local control without an account and spare parts for everything. Hardware design files now come under Prusa's own Open Community License, which allows personal and in-house business use but not selling machines.

Firmware e firmware personalizzato
●●●●●		 Firmware for current printers is published on GitHub under GPL-3.0 and updated with every release. Official firmware is signed, but Prusa documents how to flash custom firmware by breaking a seal on the board and says this does not void the warranty. Prusa says firmware and printable parts are shared right away and electronics schematics later. [1][2][3]
Controllo locale e integrazioni
●●●●●		 PrusaLink, built into the CORE One, MK4S, MK3.9, MK3.5 and XL, handles monitoring, file uploads and print control on the local network without internet or an account, and printing from USB works offline. Prusa publishes PrusaLink's HTTP API as an OpenAPI specification on GitHub, and its help centre covers OctoPrint setup. Prusa Connect is an optional cloud service for remote access. [4][15]
Filamenti, slicer e parti di terze parti
●●●●●		 Printers are open to any filament; PrusaSlicer is GPL-licensed and other slicers work. Instead of a locked RFID system, Prusa created OpenPrintTag, an NFC spool-tag standard that is free for any brand to use and works offline. [5][6]
Riparazioni e ricambi
●●●●●		 The e-shop sells spare parts for each printer, printable parts are published, and the full CORE One CAD files are released. Prusa's open-source page says its goal is printers that stay moddable and easy to repair for decades, and its licence explicitly allows making spare parts for your own machines. [7][3][5]
Dati e privacy
●●●●●		 No account is needed for local use through PrusaLink or USB. Prusa Connect needs a Prusa account and stores G-codes and telemetry in the cloud. Prusa Research is an EU company and publishes its privacy policy and a Trust Center. [4][8]
Community e documentazione
●●●●●		 Large community around Printables and the forum, a detailed knowledge base, and firmware and slicer developed in public on GitHub with open issue trackers. [1][4]
Vantaggi
  • GPL firmware with a documented, warranty-safe way to flash custom firmware.
  • Full control on the local network through PrusaLink, with no account needed.
  • Spare parts for every printer, published printable parts and released CAD files.
  • Kits available for people who want to build and understand their printer.
  • Made in Prague, with a second factory in Delaware for US buyers.
  • OpenPrintTag is an open spool-tag standard any brand can use.
Svantaggi
  • Hardware files use Prusa's own OCL licence, which bars selling machines built from them; it is not an OSI open-source licence.
  • Electronics schematics are published later than firmware and printable parts.
  • Remote access and cloud storage need Prusa Connect and an account.
Esperienza comprovata
  • luglio 2026: Printed Solid, the Delaware company Prusa Research bought in 2022, was renamed Prusa USA. Its Wilmington site builds the MK4S and CORE One+, makes filament and is Prusa's US service centre. [9]
  • dicembre 2025: Prusa released the full CAD files of the CORE One under its new Open Community License (OCL). OCL allows modifying, sharing mods and in-house commercial use, and grants patent and repair rights, but bars selling machines built from the files without an agreement, so it is not a standard open-source licence. Prusa said it is also filing patents on its designs. [5]
  • ottobre 2025: Prusa launched OpenPrintTag, a published NFC standard for smart filament spools that any brand can use without licence fees, starting with redesigned Prusament spools. [6]
  • novembre 2024: Prusa announced the CORE One, its first fully enclosed CoreXY printer with active chamber temperature control. [10]
  • marzo 2023: Josef Průša wrote that open source in 3D printing was under strain from cloners and licence violations. With the MK4, Prusa released firmware sources and models of the plastic parts but held back the electronics plans, planning to publish them later under a new licence. [11]
Basato su 15 fonti, ultima verifica 18 ottobre 2026. Mostrare le fonti
  1. prusa3d/Prusa-Firmware-Buddy on GitHub github.com
  2. Flashing custom firmware (MINI/MINI+) | Prusa Knowledge Base help.prusa3d.com
  3. Open-source at Prusa Research prusa3d.com
  4. Prusa Connect and PrusaLink explained | Prusa Knowledge Base help.prusa3d.com
  5. Open-sourcing CORE One CAD Files Under the New Open Community License (OCL) blog.prusa3d.com
  6. The OpenPrintTag Is Here! The Open-Source Smart Spool Standard blog.prusa3d.com
  7. Spare parts | Original Prusa 3D printers prusa3d.com
  8. Privacy Policy | Original Prusa 3D printers prusa3d.com
  9. Delaware's Printed Solid rebrands to Prusa USA | Tom's Hardware tomshardware.com
  10. Introducing Prusa CORE One: Our new fully-enclosed CoreXY 3D printer blog.prusa3d.com
  11. The state of open-source in 3D printing in 2023 blog.prusa3d.com
  12. About us | Original Prusa 3D printers directly from Josef Prusa prusa3d.com
  13. The Great Recap of 2024 in Prusa Research blog.prusa3d.com
  14. Introducing the INDX: fast and affordable 8-material printing, exclusively on the CORE One blog.prusa3d.com
  15. github.com

In questa guida: Prusa CORE One

QIDI

Apertura: Per lo più aperta (4.2 su 5)
Sistema chiusoAperto

QIDI Tech is a Chinese 3D printer maker formed in 2014. It sells enclosed, Klipper-based CoreXY printers such as the compact Q2 and the larger Plus4 and Max4, and develops the open-source QIDI Studio slicer and the QIDI Link app.

Fondata: 2014 · Sito web: qidi3d.com

QIDI is mostly open: its printers are standard Klipper machines you can run fully on the local network, with published source and plenty of spare parts. The phone app and the store-only privacy policy are the weak spots.

Firmware e firmware personalizzato
●●●●●		 QIDI printers run QIDI's editions of Klipper and Moonraker with Fluidd. QIDI publishes them and per-model firmware packages on GitHub under GPL (for example the Q2 in January 2026 and the Max4 in August 2026) and answers issues there. [1][2][3]
Controllo locale e integrazioni
●●●●●		 QIDI printers run Klipper and Moonraker with Fluidd on the printer, and QIDI Studio connects to them on the local network by IP without an account. QIDI publishes its Moonraker edition on GitHub, and other software can use Moonraker's documented API. Only the QIDI Link phone app needs an account and QIDI's cloud. [4][5][11][12]
Filamenti, slicer e parti di terze parti
●●●●●		 Third-party filament works; QIDI Studio is open source, and as Klipper and Moonraker printers they work with other Moonraker-compatible software. Hotends and nozzles are QIDI parts made per model. [6][1][7]
Riparazioni e ricambi
●●●●●		 QIDI's store lists many individual parts, including motherboards, eMMC modules, fans, extruders, hotends and Wi-Fi cards, and its wiki has replacement guides such as the Plus4 hotend. [7][8]
Dati e privacy
●●●●●		 Local use needs no account. QIDI Link requires one and says which server it uses (Aliyun in China, AWS elsewhere). The published privacy policy covers the online store, not the printers or the app. [5][9]
Community e documentazione
●●●●●		 Firmware is released and issues are taken on GitHub, and QIDI keeps a wiki per model with manuals, maintenance and troubleshooting guides. [1][4]
Da SimplyPrint La nostra esperienza con QIDI. Non rientra nella valutazione.
  • QIDI is one of the few printer makers we work with directly: they occasionally send us new printers, and put us in touch with their developers when we need them.
Vantaggi
  • Runs fully on the local network through Fluidd, with no account needed.
  • Klipper and Moonraker sources and firmware updates are published on GitHub.
  • Many individual spare parts, down to motherboards and eMMC modules.
  • Open-source slicer and open filament choice.
Svantaggi
  • The QIDI Link app needs an account and QIDI's cloud.
  • The privacy policy covers only the online store, not the printers or app.
  • Hotends and nozzles are QIDI-specific parts.
Esperienza comprovata
  • agosto 2026: QIDI published the firmware repository for the Max4 on GitHub under GPL-3.0. [2]
  • gennaio 2026: QIDI published the Q2's Klipper-based firmware on GitHub under GPL-3.0, with update packages and an issue tracker. [1]
Basato su 12 fonti, ultima verifica 18 ottobre 2026. Mostrare le fonti
  1. QIDITECH/QIDI_Q2 on GitHub github.com
  2. QIDITECH/QIDI_MAX4 on GitHub github.com
  3. QIDITECH/klipper on GitHub github.com
  4. Connect device and Fluidd | QIDI Wiki wiki.qidi3d.com
  5. QIDI Link | QIDI Wiki wiki.qidi3d.com
  6. QIDITECH/QIDIStudio on GitHub github.com
  7. Accessories | QIDI Online Store qidi3d.com
  8. PLUS4 Replace Hot End | QIDI Wiki wiki.qidi3d.com
  9. Privacy policy | QIDI Online Store qidi3d.com
  10. QIDI | 3D Printer Manufacturer Since 2014 qidi3d.com
  11. github.com
  12. moonraker.readthedocs.io

In questa guida: QIDI Q2

Snapmaker

Apertura: Per lo più aperta (4.1 su 5)
Sistema chiusoAperto

Snapmaker is a Shenzhen company founded in 2016, built around machines that swap tool heads; its Original, 2.0 and U1 machines were launched on Kickstarter. It sells the U1, a CoreXY printer with four tool heads that change in about five seconds for multi-colour printing, and the Artisan, which combines 3D printing, laser engraving and CNC carving. Its buyers are makers, hobbyists and small workshops.

Fondata: 2016 · Sede centrale: Shenzhen, China · Proprietà: Shenzhen Snapmaker Technologies Co., Ltd.; its main products were crowdfunded on Kickstarter · Sito web: www.snapmaker.com

Snapmaker is mostly open: the U1 runs Klipper with a local Fluidd interface and published source, and nearly every part is sold separately. Its proprietary hotends and RFID system are the closed parts.

Firmware e firmware personalizzato
●●●●●		 The U1 runs modified Klipper, Moonraker and Fluidd. Snapmaker published its changes on GitHub under GPL-3.0 on 30 March 2026, about three months after Kickstarter deliveries finished. Firmware for the Snapmaker 2.0 and, since August 2026, the Artisan controller is also on GitHub under GPL. [1][2][3][4]
Controllo locale e integrazioni
●●●●●		 The U1 runs Klipper, Moonraker and Fluidd on the printer and prints from Snapmaker Orca over Wi-Fi or from a USB drive, so other software can use Moonraker's documented API; Snapmaker publishes its Moonraker changes on GitHub. For the Artisan, Snapmaker documents its G-code commands and has Luban pass jobs from OrcaSlicer over the OctoPrint protocol. The Snapmaker app is for remote monitoring. [1][5][13][14][15]
Filamenti, slicer e parti di terze parti
●●●●●		 Third-party 1.75 mm filament works and the U1 is supported in OrcaSlicer, but its RFID filament recognition is proprietary and only reads Snapmaker spools, and its hotends are proprietary one-piece units. Snapmaker documents using Cura, OrcaSlicer and PrusaSlicer with its older machines. [1][6][7]
Riparazioni e ricambi
●●●●●		 Snapmaker's shop sells most U1 parts on their own, including the main board, heated bed, extruder motor, toolhead board, belts, fans and touchscreen, and its wiki has replacement guides such as the U1 XY motor. Hotends can only be replaced as a whole unit. [8][9][1]
Dati e privacy
●●●●●		 Cloud features need a Snapmaker account. The privacy policy says personal data is stored on servers in the United States, may be shared with affiliates and third parties in China for some functions, and some data is kept for three years. [10]
Community e documentazione
●●●●●		 Active forum and a wiki with detailed FAQs and guides, firmware and slicer sources on GitHub, and frequent public updates and livestreams during the U1 campaign. [1][2][11]
Vantaggi
  • The U1's four-head tool changer wastes little filament on colour changes.
  • Klipper-based U1 with a local Fluidd interface and published firmware source.
  • Nearly every U1 part is sold separately, with replacement guides.
  • Has delivered all of its Kickstarter campaigns, the U1 ahead of schedule by its own account.
Svantaggi
  • U1 hotends are proprietary one-piece units.
  • RFID filament recognition is proprietary and only works with Snapmaker spools.
  • U1 firmware source came after deliveries, at the end of a self-set deadline.
  • Personal data is stored in the US and may be shared with affiliates in China.
  • The U1 does not work with Luban, so owners of older machines need a different slicer.
Esperienza comprovata
  • agosto 2026: Snapmaker published the Artisan's Marlin-based controller firmware on GitHub under GPL-3.0. [4]
  • 30 marzo 2026: Snapmaker published its modified Klipper, Moonraker and Fluidd for the U1 on GitHub under GPL-3.0, on the last day of the deadline it had set itself. [1][2]
  • dicembre 2025: Snapmaker says all U1 Kickstarter orders shipped by 23 December 2025, ahead of its schedule. It says it delivered all three of its Kickstarter campaigns. [12]
  • settembre 2025: The U1 Kickstarter raised $20.2 million from more than 20,000 backers by 30 September 2025, the most for any 3D printer on the platform. Snapmaker gives the final total as $20.6 million from 20,680 backers. [11][12]
Basato su 15 fonti, ultima verifica 18 ottobre 2026. Mostrare le fonti
  1. U1 | Snapmaker Wiki wiki.snapmaker.com
  2. Snapmaker/u1-klipper on GitHub github.com
  3. Snapmaker/Snapmaker2-Controller on GitHub github.com
  4. Snapmaker/Artisan-Controller on GitHub github.com
  5. Snapmaker Orca Quick Start Guide for U1 | Snapmaker Wiki wiki.snapmaker.com
  6. Third-party Software | Snapmaker Wiki wiki.snapmaker.com
  7. Snapmaker/OrcaSlicer (Snapmaker Orca) on GitHub github.com
  8. 3D Printer Accessories | Snapmaker Shop shop.snapmaker.com
  9. U1 XY motor replacement guide | Snapmaker Wiki wiki.snapmaker.com
  10. Privacy Policy | Snapmaker snapmaker.com
  11. Snapmaker U1 Becomes Most Funded 3D Printer in Kickstarter History - 3D Printing Industry 3dprintingindustry.com
  12. About Us - Snapmaker snapmaker.com
  13. wiki.snapmaker.com
  14. wiki.snapmaker.com
  15. moonraker.readthedocs.io

In questa guida: Snapmaker U1

ELEGOO

Apertura: Per lo più aperta (3.8 su 5)
Sistema chiusoAperto

ELEGOO is a Shenzhen company founded in 2015 that makes FDM and resin 3D printers, filament, laser engravers and STEM electronics kits. Its FDM range is the Centauri Carbon, an enclosed CoreXY printer, and the Neptune 4 series of open-frame Klipper printers, sold to hobbyists at budget to mid-range prices. DJI became a shareholder in 2025.

Fondata: 2015 · Sede centrale: Shenzhen, China · Proprietà: Privately held through its parent, Shenzhen Zhinengpai (SmartPie) Technology; DJI became a shareholder in 2025 · Sito web: www.elegoo.com

ELEGOO is fairly open in daily use: its printers work over the LAN with open slicers and any filament, and it now publishes firmware source. Source releases have followed community pressure rather than launch, and spare parts for the newest printers are thin in its store.

Firmware e firmware personalizzato
●●●●●		 The Neptune 4 series runs Klipper. For the Centauri Carbon, which went on sale in February 2025, ELEGOO published its modified source on GitHub under GPL-3.0 in September 2025, saying it did so in response to user feedback. [1][2][3][4]
Controllo locale e integrazioni
●●●●●		 ELEGOO's printers connect to its slicer on the local network by IP without an account. The Neptune 4 series serves Klipper's web interface and Moonraker, which OrcaSlicer reaches as an Octo/Klipper host. For the Centauri Carbon and Centauri Carbon 2, ELEGOO published Elegoo Link on GitHub in January 2026, an Apache-2.0 SDK for local discovery, status, file upload and print control. The Matrix phone app adds remote printing while the printer is online. [5][4][16][6][17]
Filamenti, slicer e parti di terze parti
●●●●●		 Third-party filament works; ElegooSlicer is an open-source OrcaSlicer-based slicer, OrcaSlicer works with the Neptune 4, and ELEGOO published the data format of its RFID filament tags so others can use it. [7][8][4]
Riparazioni e ricambi
●●●●●		 ELEGOO sells hotend, extruder and nozzle kits and some boards for the Neptune 4, and its wiki has many replacement guides, including the Centauri Carbon motherboard. The store's Centauri Carbon parts list is short (hotend kit, touchscreen, upper shell). [9][10][11]
Dati e privacy
●●●●●		 LAN printing needs no account; the Matrix app and cloud do. The privacy policy names the companies responsible for personal data in each region (Shenzhen, Hong Kong, United States) but is written mainly for the online store. [12][5]
Community e documentazione
●●●●●		 Active community and a wiki with guides per model; firmware and slicer sources are on GitHub, although the Centauri Carbon source came after users asked for it. [11][7][1]
Vantaggi
  • Works on the local network with ElegooSlicer or OrcaSlicer, with no account needed.
  • Open-source slicer and a published RFID tag format for filament.
  • Many step-by-step replacement guides in its wiki.
  • Offered owners compensation when the Centauri Carbon multi-colour add-on was delayed.
Svantaggi
  • Centauri Carbon firmware source came about seven months after sales began, after users asked.
  • The Centauri Carbon's multi-colour add-on only became available in April 2026, after ELEGOO said in November 2025 it could not give a date.
  • Few complete Centauri Carbon parts are listed in its store.
  • The privacy policy is written mainly for the online store.
Esperienza comprovata
  • maggio 2026: ELEGOO's parent closed a B+ financing round of over 500 million yuan (about $73 million) from investors including Meituan, Hillhouse Capital and Shenzhen Capital Group. It reported 2025 revenue of 2.3 billion yuan. [13]
  • 27 aprile 2026: CANVAS, the multi-colour system for the Centauri Carbon, became available, five months after ELEGOO said it could not give a release date. [14]
  • 18 novembre 2025: DJI and Hangzhou Jiangyu Technology became shareholders of ELEGOO's parent company, according to a business registration update reported by TechNode. The size of the stake was not disclosed. [15]
  • novembre 2025: ELEGOO said the multi-colour system it was developing for the Centauri Carbon did not yet perform as it wanted and that it could not guarantee a release date. It offered owners a choice of a $50 filament coupon, a 365-day warranty extension or $80 off a Centauri Carbon 2 Combo. [14]
  • 26 settembre 2025: In response to user feedback, ELEGOO published the modified source code of the Centauri series firmware on GitHub under GPL-3.0. [1][2]
  • febbraio 2025: ELEGOO opened pre-orders for the Centauri Carbon, its first enclosed CoreXY printer, on 17 February 2025. [3]
Basato su 17 fonti, ultima verifica 18 ottobre 2026. Mostrare le fonti
  1. Update Notice on Centauri Series | ELEGOO elegoo.com
  2. elegooofficial/CentauriCarbon on GitHub github.com
  3. Elegoo to Open Pre-Orders for Centauri Carbon on February 17 elegoo.com
  4. Networked Control with OrcaSlicer | ELEGOO Wiki wiki.elegoo.com
  5. How to Connect the Printer via LAN | ELEGOO Wiki wiki.elegoo.com
  6. ELEGOO Matrix App Introduces One-Click Remote Printing elegoo.com
  7. elegooofficial/ElegooSlicer on GitHub github.com
  8. elegooofficial/ELEGOO-RFID-Tag-Guide on GitHub github.com
  9. FDM 3D Printer Accessories | ELEGOO elegoo.com
  10. Accessories for Centauri Series | ELEGOO elegoo.com
  11. How to Replace the Motherboard (B0C001) | ELEGOO Wiki wiki.elegoo.com
  12. Privacy policy | ELEGOO elegoo.com
  13. Can Elegoo's Latest 500M Yuan Round Counter the "Bambu Effect"? - 3D Printing Industry 3dprintingindustry.com
  14. Update Notice on Centauri Carbon | ELEGOO elegoo.com
  15. DJI becomes shareholder in consumer 3D-printer maker ELEGOO | TechNode technode.com
  16. github.com
  17. moonraker.readthedocs.io

In questa guida: ELEGOO Centauri Carbon

Creality

Apertura: Per lo più aperta (3.6 su 5)
Sistema chiusoAperto

Creality is a Shenzhen 3D printer maker founded in 2014. Its low-cost Ender series, launched in 2017, made desktop 3D printing affordable for many hobbyists. It now sells Klipper-based K-series CoreXY printers, Ender and CR open-frame printers, the Hi and SPARKX beginner lines, the CFS multi-material system, 3D scanners and laser engravers, and runs the Creality Cloud model platform. It listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2026.

Fondata: 2014 · Sede centrale: Shenzhen, China · Proprietà: Listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (3388.HK) since 2026; founder Jack Chen is chief executive · Sito web: www.creality.com

Creality sits in the middle: its Klipper-based printers can be run locally with Fluidd and open slicers, and it publishes firmware source, but usually months after launch, and it dropped root access on its 2025 K1 revisions.

Firmware e firmware personalizzato
●●●●●		 Creality publishes Klipper firmware source for the K1, K2, Hi and Ender-3 V3 KE on GitHub under GPL, but after launch: the K1 source came about three months after the series launched in May 2023, the K2 and Hi sources in September 2025. Earlier K1 printers have an official root option with a published guide, but Creality's wiki says the 2025 K1C and K1 Max do not support root access. [1][2][3][4][5]
Controllo locale e integrazioni
●●●●●		 Creality Print sends jobs over the local network with no account, and Creality Cloud is optional. The K2 series and Ender-3 V3 serve Fluidd on the printer, so other software can use Klipper's documented Moonraker API. On the K1 series, Creality's firmware notes treat Fluidd and Mainsail as add-ons owners install themselves, and Creality says the 2025 K1C and K1 Max do not support root access. The SPARKX i7 is set up through the Creality Cloud app. [6][20][7][21][4][8][22]
Filamenti, slicer e parti di terze parti
●●●●●		 Third-party filament works; Creality Print is an open-source (AGPL-3.0) slicer and OrcaSlicer supports Creality printers. Creality sells nozzle, hotend and extruder kits per model; newer K2 parts such as its nozzle kit are Creality designs. [10][11][12]
Riparazioni e ricambi
●●●●●		 Creality's store sells extruder, hotend, heating-block and print-head kits per model, and its wiki has parts lists and replacement guides for current printers (for example the K2 Plus and SPARKX i7 hotends). [12][13][14]
Dati e privacy
●●●●●		 Local printing needs no account; Creality Cloud and its app need one. Creality's published privacy policy is written for its websites and services, allows use of data for targeted advertising, and says little about printer data or where it is stored. [15][6]
Community e documentazione
●●●●●		 One of the largest user bases (second in consumer 3D printers by 2025 sales value, per figures in its listing), a public wiki with model-specific guides, firmware and slicer sources on GitHub, and an official forum. [16][10][6]
Vantaggi
  • Klipper-based models can be run entirely on the local network through Fluidd, without an account.
  • Firmware for most current models and the Creality Print slicer are published as source on GitHub.
  • Wide range, from budget Ender printers to multi-colour K2 machines.
  • Spare-part kits and model-specific replacement guides are easy to find.
  • Very large user base, so community help is easy to find.
Svantaggi
  • Firmware source has usually appeared months after a model ships.
  • Root access, offered on earlier K1 printers, is not supported on the 2025 K1C and K1 Max.
  • The privacy policy says little about printer and cloud data.
  • The SPARKX line is built around the Creality Cloud app and an account.
Esperienza comprovata
  • maggio 2026: Creality listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (3388.HK), raising about HK$1.27 billion net. Its prospectus showed 2025 revenue of RMB 3.13 billion and a net loss of RMB 182.4 million, after a profit in 2024. [16][5]
  • novembre 2025: Creality's wiki states that the 2025 revisions of the K1C and K1 Max do not support root access, which earlier K1 printers offered through an official option and guide. [4][17][3]
  • settembre 2025: Creality published the Klipper source for its K2 series and for the Hi on GitHub under GPL-3.0. [2][18]
  • agosto 2023: About three months after the K1 series launched, Creality published its K1 Klipper source on GitHub, followed by a repository with a root guide and Fluidd and Mainsail install instructions. [1][3][5]
Basato su 22 fonti, ultima verifica 18 ottobre 2026. Mostrare le fonti
  1. CrealityOfficial/K1_Series_Klipper on GitHub github.com
  2. CrealityOfficial/K2_Series_Klipper on GitHub github.com
  3. CrealityOfficial/K1_Series_Annex on GitHub github.com
  4. Root Disclaimer and Risk Warning | Creality Wiki wiki.creality.com
  5. New Creality IPO Prospectus Shows Record Revenue Alongside Competitive Pressure - 3D Printing Industry 3dprintingindustry.com
  6. LAN printing | Creality Wiki wiki.creality.com
  7. How To Control The Ender-3 V3 Using Fluidd Over A Local Area Network | Creality Wiki wiki.creality.com
  8. SPARKX i7: One-click printing with the Creality Cloud APP | Creality Wiki wiki.creality.com
  9. SPARKX i7: How to Print Using a USB Drive | Creality Wiki wiki.creality.com
  10. CrealityOfficial/CrealityPrint on GitHub github.com
  11. OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer on GitHub github.com
  12. 3D Printer Accessories | Creality Printer Upgrades & Parts store.creality.com
  13. Replace K2 Plus Hotend | Creality Wiki wiki.creality.com
  14. i7 Series Quick-Release Hotend Replacement Guide | Creality Wiki wiki.creality.com
  15. Privacy Policy | Creality creality.com
  16. Oversubscribed Creality IPO raises $177M, valuing desktop 3D printing company at $1.12 billion - 3D Printing Industry 3dprintingindustry.com
  17. Creality Root Disclaimer Explained: Risks, Impact, and 2025 K1 Changes | Makers101 makers101.com
  18. CrealityOfficial/Hi_Klipper on GitHub github.com
  19. About Us | Creality Official creality.com
  20. wiki.creality.com
  21. wiki.creality.com
  22. moonraker.readthedocs.io

In questa guida: Creality K2 Plus

Bambu Lab

Apertura: Per lo più chiusa (2.3 su 5)
Sistema chiusoAperto

Bambu Lab is a Shenzhen company founded in 2020 by former DJI engineers. It makes FDM printers in four families (A, P, X and H), the AMS multi-material units, the Bambu Studio slicer, the Bambu Handy app and the MakerWorld model site, and designs them to be used together. Its printers are used by beginners, hobbyists, schools and print farms.

Fondata: 2020 · Sede centrale: Shenzhen, China · Proprietà: Privately held; founded by CEO Ye Tao and other former DJI staff, with venture investors (BGR, 2026) · Sito web: bambulab.com

Bambu Lab works like Apple: printer, slicer, app, cloud and multi-material system come from one company and are made to work together. Filament and slicer choice stay open, but the firmware is closed and signed, and since 2025 third-party control needs Bambu Connect or the unsupported Developer Mode.

Firmware e firmware personalizzato
●●●●●		 The printer firmware is Bambu's own and closed; in 2022 Bambu said it would keep it in-house. Its security white paper describes secure boot that only runs verified firmware on X1, H2, P1 and A1 printers. Bambu publishes the GPL parts it uses (Linux kernel, U-Boot, BusyBox) but not the printer software. Rooting the X1 only became possible through a security flaw the X1Plus project used in 2024; Bambu then published a one-off rootable X1 firmware for owners who give up their warranty, and blocks rooting in later firmware. [1][2][3][4][22]
Controllo locale e integrazioni
●●●●●		 LAN Only mode prints and monitors from Bambu Studio or Bambu Connect without internet or an account; the Handy app, printing from outside the network and print history need Bambu's cloud. Since the 2025 authorization firmware, other software can only read status in normal mode. Full control needs Developer Mode, which cuts the cloud link and which Bambu says it cannot support because the protocols are not official. Bambu documents no local protocol; it offers a file hand-off to Bambu Connect and a Local Server SDK on application. [23][24][6][7][5]
Filamenti, slicer e parti di terze parti
●●●●●		 Third-party filament works, and Bambu publicly denied in 2025 that it would restrict it. OrcaSlicer and other slicers can be used, but since the 2025 firmware they send and control prints through Bambu Connect or Developer Mode. Hotends are Bambu's own designs, and Bambu says it cannot promise long-term support for accessories that control the printer unless it approved them first. [7][6][4]
Riparazioni e ricambi
●●●●●		 Bambu's store sells individual spare parts down to motors, belts, encoders and boards, and its wiki has step-by-step replacement guides for each model (for example the P2S hotend and the H2D/H2C AP board). Many parts, hotends included, are Bambu-specific, so spares come from Bambu. [8][9][10]
Dati e privacy
●●●●●		 Cloud features need a Bambu account, while LAN Only mode keeps jobs on the local network. Bambu publishes a Trust Center and a 38-page security white paper, says it holds ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27701 and TRUSTe certifications, and runs a paid bug bounty. In August 2023 a cloud outage made some printers start earlier jobs on their own; Bambu apologised. [2][11][5][12]
Community e documentazione
●●●●●		 Very large user community, the MakerWorld model site, a detailed wiki and a blog where Bambu explains its policy changes. Bambu Studio is developed in public on GitHub with an open issue tracker. The printer protocol is not documented, and Developer Mode is unsupported. [13][5][7]
Vantaggi
  • Printer, slicer, app and AMS come from one company and are designed to work together, which makes a first setup simple.
  • Step-by-step repair guides for each model and individual spare parts sold in Bambu's store.
  • LAN Only mode works without internet or an account.
  • Bambu Studio is open source, and third-party filament works.
  • Publishes security certifications and runs a public bug bounty.
Svantaggi
  • Firmware is closed and signed; current models have no supported way to run custom firmware.
  • Since the 2025 firmware, third-party software and accessories need Bambu Connect or the unsupported Developer Mode to control the printer.
  • Remote printing, the Handy app and print history depend on Bambu's cloud.
  • Hotends and many parts are Bambu-specific, so spares come from Bambu.
  • In 2026 a US jury found the X1, P1 and A1 infringe Stratasys patents; Bambu is appealing.
Esperienza comprovata
  • settembre 2026: A US federal jury in Texas found that Bambu Lab's X1, P1 and A1 printers infringe Stratasys patents on prime towers and bed levelling, and awarded Stratasys $27.6 million. No injunction was placed on the printers. Bambu told Tom's Hardware it disagrees with the verdict and intends to seek post-trial review and appeal. Stratasys had filed two suits in 2024; more patents are still to be decided. [14]
  • maggio 2026: Bambu Lab pressed the developer of 'OrcaSlicer-bambulab', a fork that restored direct cloud printing from OrcaSlicer, to remove it, according to Manufactur3D. On 7 May Bambu said the fork impersonated the official Bambu Studio client to its cloud, which its user agreement does not allow, and that modifying and sharing its AGPL code remains fine. The developer disputed the claims. [15][16][17]
  • ottobre 2025: Bambu Lab opened a Trust Center with a security white paper and listed ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27701 and TRUSTe privacy certifications. A year later it said its bug bounty had worked with over 100 researchers and that it had added a public security update log. [2][11]
  • 20 gennaio 2025: After criticism from users and print farms, Bambu Lab announced an optional Developer Mode for X1, P1, A1 and A1 mini that leaves MQTT, FTP and the live stream open for third-party software in LAN mode, without official support. It also said LAN mode via Bambu Connect needs neither internet nor an account, and that third-party filament would not be restricted. [7]
  • 16 gennaio 2025: Bambu Lab announced firmware with 'authorization control', first for the X1: starting prints, moving axes, changing temperatures and binding the printer now require Bambu-approved software, also in LAN mode. On updated printers, third-party slicers and accessories such as the Panda Touch could no longer control the printer except through Bambu Connect; reading status still worked. Bambu cited security and up to 30 million unauthorised cloud requests a day; older firmware stayed optional. [6]
  • marzo 2024: After the X1Plus jailbreak, Bambu Lab published a one-off rootable firmware for the X1 series for owners who give up their warranty support. It said it does not support X1Plus, and that firmware after it would block rooting again. [4]
  • febbraio 2024: Bambu Lab extended its A1 heatbed-cable callback to a recall of all A1 printers and asked owners to stop using them. It reported electrical faults in under 0.1% of units and offered a full refund plus an $80 voucher, or a redesigned heatbed plus a $120 voucher and six extra months of warranty. The A1 mini was not affected. [18][19]
  • gennaio 2024: Community developers rooted the X1 series through a security flaw in its firmware (up to version 1.07) and released the X1Plus custom firmware. Bambu Lab closed the flaw in later firmware. [22]
  • agosto 2023: During a Bambu cloud outage on 15 August 2023, some printers started print jobs without user action, because jobs stuck in the cloud were resent when service returned. Bambu apologised, took responsibility and said it would add checks before a print starts. [12]
  • maggio 2022: Before its first printers shipped, Bambu Lab said its firmware would stay closed and in-house to remain competitive, and promised to open-source everything if the company ever could not survive. [1]
Basato su 24 fonti, ultima verifica 20 ottobre 2026. Mostrare le fonti
  1. To open, or not to open, that is the question blog.bambulab.com
  2. The Bambu Lab Trust Center for Complete Security and Privacy Transparency blog.bambulab.com
  3. Open Source Software | Bambu Lab Wiki wiki.bambulab.com
  4. Custom Firmware Plan and Our Principles on Ecosystem blog.bambulab.com
  5. How to enable LAN Mode on Bambu Lab printers | Bambu Lab Wiki wiki.bambulab.com
  6. Firmware Update Introducing New Authorization Control System blog.bambulab.com
  7. Updates and Third-Party Integration with Bambu Connect blog.bambulab.com
  8. 3D Printer Parts | Bambu Lab EU Store eu.store.bambulab.com
  9. Hotend Replacement Guide for the P2S | Bambu Lab Wiki wiki.bambulab.com
  10. Replace H2D/H2C AP Board | Bambu Lab Wiki wiki.bambulab.com
  11. One Year On: strengthening IoT Security through Global Certifications and Community Collaboration blog.bambulab.com
  12. Initial Investigation in the Bambu Cloud Temporary Outage blog.bambulab.com
  13. bambulab/BambuStudio on GitHub github.com
  14. Texas jury hits Bambu Lab with $27.6M verdict in Stratasys patent fight | Tom's Hardware tomshardware.com
  15. Bambu Lab OrcaSlicer controversy escalates | Manufactur3D manufactur3dmag.com
  16. Setting the record straight on Cloud Access and Community blog.bambulab.com
  17. jarczakpawel/OrcaSlicer-bambulab on GitHub github.com
  18. A1 Recall Update blog.bambulab.com
  19. A1 Heatbed Cable Callback blog.bambulab.com
  20. Who Owns Bambu Lab, The 3D Printer Manufacturer? | BGR bgr.com
  21. Bambu Lab A2L - Creative Playground. Extra Large. blog.bambulab.com
  22. X1Plus: Open Source Bambu Lab X1 Firmware | Hackaday hackaday.com
  23. wiki.bambulab.com
  24. wiki.bambulab.com

In questa guida: Bambu Lab P2S, Bambu Lab H2C, Bambu Lab H2S, Bambu Lab X2D, Bambu Lab H2D

Where they come from, and staying compliant

Most of the best 3D printers today come from Chinese companies, and this ranking reflects that: right now they give you the most printer for the money. That's no judgement of the people who make them. But for some buyers, where a printer comes from matters: customers in defence, government or other regulated industries may ask where your machines come from and where their files go.

9 delle migliori 10 stampanti di questa guida provengono da un'azienda cinese. Ecco le aziende UE meglio classificate:

Il meglio delle aziende UE

Nessuna è ancora classificata in questa guida.

Any printer, on your terms, with SimplyPrint

Whoever makes your printer, SimplyPrint decides what it talks to:

  • Off its maker's cloud. Most printers connect through the SimplyPrint Client on your own network, or in their local-network mode (Bambu Lab's LAN-only mode, with Developer Mode on its newer printers), so they never need their maker's cloud. You can block them from the internet entirely and let only the SimplyPrint Client connect out.
  • Your data stored in Europe. SimplyPrint's cloud is hosted in Frankfurt, Germany, under the GDPR. See how we keep it secure and who processes data for us.
  • One place for access. Users, permissions, single sign-on and an audit log, for every printer, whatever its brand.
  • On your own servers, if you need it. See cloud vs. on-premise.

How we choose

No brand pays for its place in this guide. The ranking is a formula over our catalog, the same for every printer, and it runs again each time the page loads. For print farms it weighs proven compatibility, real fleet use and price per machine most:

Cosa valutiamoPuntiCome viene misurato
La nostra valutazione per questo utilizzo18La nostra valutazione scritta della stampante per questo tipo di acquirente: ottima, buona, discreta o scarsa. Le stampanti valutate scarse per questo profilo sono escluse. Non tutte le stampanti sono ancora valutate; per queste, il fattore è escluso e gli altri pesano di più.
Funziona con SimplyPrint16Verificata da SimplyPrint, compatibile o presumibilmente funzionante in base al tipo di connessione.
Numero di unità in uso12Numero di stampanti del modello in uso su SimplyPrint, in scala logaritmica: indica quante persone si fidano.
Prezzo11Il prezzo attuale più basso nella regione, confrontato in scala logaritmica con gli altri nella guida. L'assenza di un prezzo attuale è considerata bassa.
Fotocamera integrata6Una fotocamera integrata, per monitorare le stampe e rilevare gli errori.
Kit AutoPrint6Se è disponibile un kit per sostituire il piano di stampa o espellere le parti.
Camera chiusa5Una struttura completamente chiusa conta di più, una parzialmente chiusa vale la metà.
Valutazione degli utenti di SimplyPrint4La valutazione degli utenti di SimplyPrint, quando disponibile
Recensioni indipendenti4Numero di recensori autorevoli, stampa e YouTube, che l'hanno recensita, fino a quattro.
Quanto è recente4Il lancio quest'anno o l'anno scorso conta pienamente, poi sempre meno ogni anno.
Materiali stampati bene3Numero di tipi di filamento stampati bene, in base a temperature, enclosure ed elenco del produttore.
Multicolore e multimateriale3Se viene fornita o funziona con un'unità multimateriale, un toolchanger o due extruder.
Ethernet3Una porta Ethernet, per una connessione stabile su una rete affollata.
Apertura del marchio3La posizione del marchio nella scala sottostante, da aperto a ecosistema chiuso. Se non ancora valutato, è considerato al centro.
Storico del marchio2Eventi negativi negli ultimi tre anni del marchio, come richiami, licenziamenti o modifiche alle politiche che hanno rimosso funzionalità, ciascuno con le relative fonti. L'assenza di ricerca comporta una piccola penalizzazione.

Una stampante è presa in considerazione se funziona con SimplyPrint (verificata, compatibile o presumibilmente tale in base alla connessione), è un modello del produttore ed è ancora in vendita: il produttore la vende ancora, un negozio ne indica un prezzo attuale o è stata lanciata negli ultimi 3 anni.

Il punteggio seleziona le stampanti, con un'eccezione: quando l'esperienza diretta con una stampante non coincide con il suo punteggio, il redattore può scegliere una selezione diversa, che lo indica. Una stampante sostituita da un modello più recente consigliato viene esclusa.

Alcuni produttori ci inviano stampanti o collaborano direttamente con noi; in questi casi la guida lo indica accanto alle rispettive stampanti.

C'è qualcosa di errato? Segnalarlo per correggerlo. Contattaci

La scala di apertura

Ogni marchio riceve un punteggio da 1, chiuso, a 5, aperto, in sei aree, basato su fonti pubbliche elencate per ogni valutazione. La valutazione complessiva è la media ponderata e colloca il marchio su una scala da ecosistema chiuso ad aperto:

AreaPeso
Firmware e firmware personalizzato30%
Controllo locale e integrazioni30%
Filamenti, slicer e parti di terze parti15%
Riparazioni e ricambi10%
Dati e privacy10%
Community e documentazione5%

Aperto da 4.25 · Per lo più aperta da 3.50 · Misto da 2.75 · Per lo più chiusa da 2.00 · Sistema chiuso al di sotto

Some buying links earn us a commission at no cost to you; they never change the ranking. We make SimplyPrint, which runs printers from every brand here, so "works with SimplyPrint" is one factor: for a farm it is the software that runs the fleet.

Creato oggi dal nostro catalogo: 162 stampanti classificate su 222 in vendita compatibili con SimplyPrint. Per 13 è disponibile una nostra valutazione scritta per questo utilizzo. 6 dei 6 marchi mostrati sono valutati per il grado di apertura.